Автор: Daihn
Chess cryptocurrency blockchain
Here's what the former world champion has to say By Shashank Bhardwaj Garry Kasparov is widely regarded as one of the greatest chess players in history. In recent times, he's also become a favorite among the crypto community. Cryptocurrencies, and all the products related to cryptocurrencies, are absolutely vital for the future development of our world.
A world-renowned humanitarian and chess mentor, he has beaten not only history's greatest minds but also machines. It started with chess. But I also saw an opportunity to use computers and new tools to advance individual freedoms. It made me want to illustrate how key tweaking works so that other developers can make other cool things. How it works First ingredient: key tweaking Bitcoin addresses have two main components: a public key and a private key.
The private key is something you're supposed to keep secret because it lets you move the money in the bitcoin address. The public key is fine to share with people, it's practically the same thing as a bitcoin address except addresses use a special encoding so that bitcoin users can recognize them as being intended for usage within a bitcoin wallet. You're supposed to share your bitcoin address with people in order to receive money from them and it's also fine to share the underlying public key.
Public keys and private keys are both made of numbers. Point addition allows you to add two public keys and two private keys together and still get a valid keypair. The game takes a string like "e2 to e4," which is how chess players sometimes say what move they are making, and it converts that into a 32 byte string. Then it tweaks the player's pubkey with those 32 bytes, resulting in a new, tweaked pubkey. The player's browser then sends some money to a bitcoin address that is generated from that pubkey, and by doing this he effectively announces his move on bitcoin's blockchain.
As long as both players do this over and over, they can play a full chess game. Second ingredient: reveal skipping I'm familiar with several protocols that use key tweaking and the protocols that I'm familiar with usually do something called a "commit-reveal" scheme.
That is, first you commit to some data inside a tweaked bitcoin pubkey and put that pubkey on the blockchain, then you reveal your tweak and your pubkey to someone later if you ever want to prove what data you committed to. But in my scheme there's no "reveal" step. Committing the data to the blockchain simultaneously reveals it, without needing an extra step. This is the only thing I did that I think might be innovative. I skip the reveal step by making each player compute some commitments that their opponent might make at the end of their opponent's turn.
From any given chess position there are a limited number of possible moves that a player can make. That number rarely exceeds 40, though it can be as high as When it's Player 1's turn in my chess game, Player 2 checks all of the moves that Player 1 can make. Suppose Player 1 can make two moves, e2 to e4 or d6 to d7. Player 2 knows that because he can see the board. And he also knows Player 1's pubkey because Player 1 gives it to him at the start of the game.
Knowing these pieces of data, Player 2 computes two ways that Player 1 might tweak his pubkey: he might tweak it with a 32 byte string of the data "e2 to e4" or he might tweak it with "d6 to d7. As long as Player 1 sends money to one of those, Player 2 will know which move he made. And if Player 1 sends money to some other address, it means he made an invalid move and therefore forfeited the game. Player 2's knowledge of all the moves Player 1 can make is powerful. Another way to think of reveal skipping is that it's a way to store data inside a bitcoin address instead of just committing to it.
In a commit-reveal scheme the reveal step is there so that outside observers can learn what data the user committed to, and the actual data is stored externally with some sort of host. But in my scheme the reveal step is skipped because outside observers can compute all possible pieces of data that the user might commit to.
Therefore the user's commitment to that data is more than a commitment -- it's actual data storage, without the need for an external data host. Isn't this game a big pile of chain spam? Yes, don't actually do this on bitcoin's mainnet. The game is supposed to be educational. By playing the game on bitcoin's testnet, you might learn something.
Scroll down to "Lessons to learn from this" for some examples. Limitations The blockchain logic I wrote does not implement or enforce the logic of chess. This game only signals your chess moves, all the actual chess logic is done client-side by your browser. Your browser checks the blockchain to see what your opponent did, then displays his move as long as it's a valid move. It may be possible to implement the rules of chess in bitcoin's built-in programming language, bitcoin script, but if it is possible it's beyond my current abilities.
I didn't implement instructions for what should happen when a pawn makes it to the other side of the board. You're supposed to change it into a queen or another piece but right now, if you try, the game doesn't do anything because I didn't tell it what to do. So be aware, you might lose money if you try to promote a pawn. If you play too quickly or with too many tabs open you'll run into the rate limits of Blockcypher's free api.
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At the other end of the range, Rutgers University offers a part-time blockchain bootcamp that is 24 weeks and a full-time program that is 12 weeks long. Blockchain Bootcamp Structure Like blockchain bootcamp program format, length, level of effort, and cost, each program is structured differently, according to each institution. However, most of the material covered in each program is relatively the same. Below are some examples of different courses and what material and content are covered in each program: Blockchain basics — This provides a high-level overview of the essential concepts of blockchain technology and the foundation necessary for programming and developing cryptocurrency applications.
Students and participants will be equipped with the knowledge needed to create nodes on the personal blockchain, create and unlock accounts, mine, transact, and check balances. Blockchain protocols — Students and participants will learn the blockchain basics in terms of protocol.
This will include what blockchain protocol is, how it works, and how cryptocurrencies fit into it. This course or module also dives into the inner workings of the relationship between a physical computer or device infrastructure and the security of the particular blockchain network and how all of it fits together. Students will also learn about the open-source software ecosystem and various funding, development, and maintenance models, and the different funding options and approaches.
Real-world blockchain use cases — Students and participants will explore some real-world examples of blockchain across various industries, enterprises, business models, and environments. This course or module will also look ahead at the future of cryptocurrency and how the number of opportunities to implement and leverage blockchain and digital assets is growing and will continue to provide a strategic advantage to up-and-coming companies.
In addition to the opportunities and benefits of blockchain, students and participants will also explore some of the challenges, specifically regarding technology, applications, and operating models, and strategies to address them. Legal and regulatory challenges — As one might imagine, Blockchain technology comes with many risks, particularly compliance and regulatory challenges.
As a result, students and participants will learn how data, privacy, and tax laws all impact the use of blockchain technology. Through an anti-cheating engine, the FIDE is looking forward to recording a pile of data in a decentralized server. As per reports, if the tournament is ultimately shifted online, then this technology would definitely be in place.
The FIDE has been working on the anti-cheating engine for quite some time now and is expected to launch it soon. While any specific time frame has not yet been disclosed, it is expected that the tournament will resume once the Coronavirus situation stabilizes. It is fair to say that, if chess adopts blockchain to retain integrity in the sport, then it will be a major step towards the adoption of blockchain technology in the sports industry.
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