Автор: Tegis
Bitcoin privacy issues
Accountability Public blockchains are intentionally decentralized so that there is not one accountable entity. Moreover, the networks composed through public blockchains often span jurisdictions, and may consist of hundreds, thousands, or millions of people who all technically have the ability to inform updates to the blockchain an ability akin to managerial decision making.
Under these circumstances, how can a regulator enforce actions against the supporters of a public blockchain, when responsibilities around upkeep, management, and ongoing development are spread across a community of unassociated individuals? Best practices for managing personal information in the blockchain context No official recommendations or interpretations of how to process personal data on public or private blockchains have been published in Canada.
In the private blockchain context, management of individual rights over personal information is possible because there are designated and accountable entities that control the number of stakeholders with access to the blockchain. Under such circumstances, stakeholders may require compliance with privacy regulations as a means of accessing the private blockchain and its associated application s.
Stakeholders may also be removed from the network for failures to comply, and a sufficiently centralized private blockchain may be overwritten by participants through collaboration to respond to certain privacy infringing incidents. The stakeholders behind DApps in either public or private blockchain contexts also have the ability to proactively mitigate privacy law risks by designing appropriate privacy policies and implementing best practices that involve: Combining on-chain and off-chain data The blockchain application should avoid storing personal data as a payload on the blockchain i.
However, Canadian regulators have not addressed whether such measures are sufficient to meet the demands of Canadian privacy legislation. Organizations leveraging blockchain technology to collect, use or disclose personal information must take care to remain informed and compliant to requirements under Canadian privacy laws. There are societies that have no financial infrastructure and people have no bank accounts.
So, cryptocurrency can play a role in easing their hardships and improve their lives. I recently heard that UNICEF also has launched CryptoFund to receive donations and cryptocurrencies because transferring through cryptocurrencies has a very low overhead in terms of transfer time cost.
Not only would they save money by using an alternate banking transaction, but then they would also be able to use the money as quickly as possible. Mashael: Exactly, yeah, the overhead was low, and the money transfer was fast. And it's all trackable.
Laurel: Do you see cryptocurrencies being an alternative, actually coming through and playing a central role in the stage of banking like this, because people are seeing it as a more validated way to move money from one place to another? Mashael: I don't think it can completely replace traditional banking systems, but it can complement it. It can meet some requirements and it can help, as I said, the societies that do not have, or do have an underdeveloped financial infrastructure. So, I think it can complement existing systems.
Laurel: And I find it also interesting, as you mentioned, the privacy and how important privacy is for freedom. And commercially, we've found that we're tracked pretty much everywhere we go on the internet by ads and cookies and other ways to kind of keep, keep in touch with what we are interested in and what we might buy next. And there was quite a bit of controversy, a number of years ago, of how trackers could tell whether a woman was pregnant by just the various sites she visited and would then start targeting her with specific ads.
Do you see, other than for commercial purposes, more strict ways of, strict meaning improved privacy, for consumers of the internet as they go throughout the internet. Do you see privacy as being one of those things that consumers start to look for more and more? Mashael: I think there's definitely more, there's more awareness now among users of the importance of their privacy. There's more awareness. So, definitely people are more aware and for example, recently when WhatsApp decided to change their privacy policy, we noticed a backlash.
Many people, many users moved to using different other apps, like Signal, with better privacy policies. Laurel: What is the biggest challenge of keeping up with exploits? Whether they are through networking infrastructure or cryptocurrencies. Mashael: So, attacks are carried out for political or economic reasons and as long as there is a gain or profits for the attacker, they will never stop.
So, there will always be the zero-day attacks. The main challenge, I think, is to get people to adhere to the best practices. For example, many successful attacks and data leaks are based on default or easy passwords, or they could be based on failure to periodically patch their systems. So, while we cannot stop new attacks, we can make them less effective and harder to achieve by adhering to best practices. Laurel: How are phishing attacks evolving? What methods are cyber attackers using to trick people into giving away private information or downloading malware?
Mashael: So, recent research has shown that phishing attacks show no sign of slowing down. Although the number of malwares are going down compared to previous years, phishing is going up. They use various, the phishers use various techniques. For example, one technique, a common technique, is called squatting, where attackers register domains, that resemble popular domains so they can appear more legit for users.
For example, there's PayPal. They also use social engineering tactics to be more effective. Phishers can often try to trigger the fast decision-making processes of our brains, and they achieve that by sending emails containing links to offers, or in general, urgent opportunities.
So, they give users a sense of urgency. And then users visit the links and are encouraged to sign up by entering private information. Sometimes in these links, they end up downloading also malware, which makes the problem worse. In our research, we have also observed that the number of phishing domains obtaining TLS certificates has been increasing over the years.
And again, they obtain digital certificates to appear more legit to users and because browsers may not connect to the domain or warn users of the domain isn't using TLS. Laurel: So, the bad actors are making themselves look more legit with these digital certificates. When in fact, all they're doing is tricking the kind of automatic systems to be able to get past them, so they seem legitimate. Mashael: Yeah, and now there are some browsers that have made it mandatory for domains to obtain certificates in order to connect to them.
So, to reach a wider base of victims, it's kind of mandatory now to obtain these certificates and it's easy to get them because they're free. There are certificate authorities that provide them in an automated way, free, like Let's Encrypt, for example.
So, it's very easy for them to get certificates and look more legit. Laurel: Why have phishing threats become a bigger problem during the covid pandemic? Mashael: When you have the pandemic, there is the fear element, which can trigger poor decisions and users want to know more about a developing story. So, in that case, they are more likely to let their guard down and visit pages that claim to present new sources of information. So, the whole situation can be more fruitful for attackers.
And indeed, even early in the pandemic, around the end of March , there were tens of thousands of coronavirus related spam attacks that were observed. And we observed hundreds of thousands of newly registered domains that were also related to the pandemic, that appeared to have been registered for malicious reasons. Laurel: So, when you publish research about vulnerabilities, are you hoping that it'll inspire people to take more countermeasures or are you thinking it'll lead to redesign of systems entirely to make them more secure or are you hoping both will happen?
Mashael: So, when we publish research about vulnerabilities, actually both. There's a consensus in the cyber security research community, that's researching threats is very valuable because it brings attention to weaknesses that can possibly result in compromises or in privacy invasions if they were discovered by attackers first.
That way, people can be more cautious and can take stronger countermeasures by educating themselves better. Also, with such research, when you bring the attention to a certain weakness or vulnerability, you can also start thinking of, or suggest, countermeasures and overall enhance the system. Laurel: So, when you do find an exploit, what's the process for alerting the interested parties?
But there must be a standard protocol with such sensitive issues, especially when governments are involved. We have labs and we deploy in-house built systems and tools that can help them process, analyze and discover such events themselves as well. Laurel: And that's definitely particularly helpful and ties back to the Qatar Foundation's goals of enriching society because cybersecurity requires massive amounts of collaborations from a number of parties, correct?
Mashael: Yeah, absolutely. I mean, it's like I said before, it's our mandate to serve the community and that's why, since the beginning of the establishment of our Institute, we worked hard on establishing relations with the different government agencies and different stakeholders in the country and we carefully identified the research directions that are needed for the country, to serve the country first and to serve society.
Laurel: What are you working on right now? Mashael: So, right now I'm working on a couple of research projects. One of them is related to phishing. We have observed that, like I said before, that more and more phishing domains are obtaining digital certificates to appear more legit. And so, Google has the certificate transparency project where it's basically servers that publish the new upcoming domains and their certificates. So, it's a resource for us to identify upcoming new domains and understand if they can be possibly for malicious or phishing purposes.
So, we use available intelligence to identify if they're phishing or not. It's been a successful approach. I'm also working on identifying malware that uses anonymous communication. More and more malware use proxies or VPNs and Tor to evade detection, because it's very hard, usually botnets or infected machines, they get their commands from a certain centralized machine.
And if it's deployed on a public IP, it would be easy for network administrators to identify it and block connections to it. That's why botnet masters now deploy their command and control server as a Tor hidden service. So, it's anonymous and it's easy for the infected machines to connect to it and get the commands and get the communication but it's hard for take down operations.
So, it's based on a real need and a requirement from our partners. Laurel: It sounds like you're using a number of new and different techniques, but as you mentioned in collaboration and partnership, which makes all the difference when you can really tackle a problem with a number of partners here. Do you have any suggestions of how people, consumers, can be more careful using the internet, or are there other new technologies that could help secure communications and financial transactions?
Mashael: So, I think in general, it's the responsibility of users to ensure that their privacy is maintained with more education and awareness. When they share data, they have to be informed on how their data will be handled and understand the possible consequences of data loss or data aggregation and processing and sharing by the different companies online. People can continue to use the available technologies, as long as they understand the privacy and security guarantees and accept them.
Laurel: And that's always the tough part. Mashael: Yeah, that's true. Laurel: Well, this has been a fantastic conversation, Dr. Al Sabah, I thank you very much.
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